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| Early Development of Vertebral Column and Appendicular Skeleton in Butterfish Scatophagus argus |
| DENG Pingping, SHI Yonghai, XU Jiabo, JIANG Fei, YUAN Xincheng |
| Shanghai Fisheries Research Institute, Shanghai 200433, China |
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Abstract The early development of vertebral column and appendicular skeleton was observed in butterfish Scatophagus argus from newly hatching larvae through 45 days post-hatching (dph) by double staining technique under a stereo microscope. It was observed that the notochord was a cone without segmentation from 1 to 8 dph, and segmented untill 8 dph. Segmented hard bone rings appeared at 28 dph, and 22—24 vertebrae were formed in the spine at 38 dph. The neural arches and haemal arches were appearance at 11 dph marked by the beginning of the vertebral column development. Some bone rings appeared clearly at 28 dph. Vertebral column was ossified from anterior to posterior, and then completely ossified at 38 dph. There were 10—12 cervical vertebra segments in trunk vertebra, and 11—12 cervical vertebra segments in the caudal vertebra. The appendicular skeletons were developed from the pectoral fins, ventral fins, caudal fins, anal fins to dorsal fins. The hypuralat was observed in the caudal fin at 11 dph, and appendicular pectoral fins were formed at 5 dph, pectoral girdle and cleithrum were ossified at 38 dph. Cartilages of appendicular of the ventral fins were formed at 5 dph, and the ventral fins were completely ossified at 33 dph. The caudal fin was completely ossified at 41 dph. and cartilages of appendicular anal fins were formed at 13 dph. The frontal fin ray of dorsal fins ws transformed 4 spines at 22 dph, 10—11 dorsal spines at 21 dph, and the dorsal fins began to ossify at 38 dph. The development of the dorsal fins began with appearance of 9 hyaloid in pterygiophores at 13 dph, and began to ossify at 33 dph. The butterfish had upturned notochord at 15 dph, with capacity of active feeding, becoming juveniles at water temperature of 25.5—29.1 ℃ and a salinity from 25 to 1.7. The butterfish had ctenoid scales at 20 dph, and moved from the gradually desalted sea water to fresh water, when the first inverted dorsal spine, number of gluteal spines and the presence of pectineal scales were significant markers for the classification of Scatophagidae in the Perciformes. The research on early development of the vertebral column and the appendicular skeleton in butterfish S. argus is important for functional adaptation during early development environment, production operation and classification.
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Received: 31 January 2020
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