Toxic Effects of Antioxidants and Sulfonamide Antibiotics on Green Alga Chlorella vulgaris
TAN Hui1,2, TAN Hailing1,2,3, HU Haopeng1,2, HE Juntao1,2, LIAO Yongling2, YANG Jun2, ZHANG Hui4, CHAI Yi1,2, TAN Fengxia1,2
1. Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Jingzhou 434025, China; 2. College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; 3. Jiangling Vocational Education Center, Jingzhou 434100, China; 4. Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversitly Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
Abstract：In order to explore the single and combined toxic effects and mechanisms of antioxidants(6PPD) and antibiotics sulfamethoxazole and sulfadiazine in aquatic environment, green alga Chlorella vulgaris was expanded in BG11 medium in a light incubator, and exposed to different concentrations of 6PPD (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 mg/L), sulfamethoxazole (0, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, 20.0, and 25.0 mg/L), sulfadiazine (0, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, and 20.0 mg/L) (single treatment group) and 6PPD + sulfamethoxazole and 6PPD + sulfadiazine (combined treatment group) (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.2 and 1.5 T) for 96 h, and algal density and other indicators were analyzed. The results showed that the 96-hour median-lethal concentration to C. vulgaris was 2.31 mg/L for 6PPD, 23.95 mg/L for sulfamethoxazole, and 13.88 mg/L for sulfadiazine in single exposure systems, and 1.131 T for the combined exposure groups (6PPD 1.155 mg/L + sulfamethoxazole 11.975 mg/L) and 1.229 T for (6PPD + sulfadiazine 6.940 mg/L), with partial additive effect. There were significant decrease in chlorophyll, total protein, and intracellular polysaccharide contents of algal cells in all treatment groups, indicating impaired photosynthesis. The contents of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde were showed to be increased significantly, indicating severe oxidative damage. The total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase activity were found to be also increased due to excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species, indicating that the dynamic balance between the generation of reactive oxygen species and the scavenging by the antioxidant system was disrupted, resulting in toxic effects. Transmission electron microscopy observations revealed disorders in thylakoid structure, dissolution of organelles, and vacuolation, with the damage in combined exposure groups being significantly more severe than that in single exposure groups. The finding indicates that 6PPD, sulfamethoxazole, and sulfadiazine can exert significant toxicity on algae by interfering with photosynthesis and inducing oxidative damage, and the binary composite systems exhibit partial additive effects.
谭慧, 谭海玲, 胡浩鹏, 何俊涛, 廖咏玲, 杨军, 张辉, 柴毅, 谭凤霞. 防老剂与磺胺类抗生素对普通小球藻的毒性研究[J]. 水产科学, 2026, 45(1): 102-114.
TAN Hui, TAN Hailing, HU Haopeng, HE Juntao, LIAO Yongling, YANG Jun, ZHANG Hui, CHAI Yi, TAN Fengxia. Toxic Effects of Antioxidants and Sulfonamide Antibiotics on Green Alga Chlorella vulgaris. Fisheries Science, 2026, 45(1): 102-114.
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